inside-it.ch Inside-it.ch

   
Inside IT – Das Magazin für IT-Verantwortliche

Domain Summary

What is the traffic rank for Inside-it.ch?

• Inside-it.ch ranks #1,816,164 globally on HypeStat.

What percent of global Internet users visit Inside-it.ch?

• 8.84E-5% of global Internet users visit Inside-it.ch

How many people visit Inside-it.ch each day?

• Inside-it.ch receives approximately 4.4K visitors and 6,334 page impressions per day.

Which countries does Inside-it.ch receive most of its visitors from?

• Inside-it.ch is mostly visited by people located in Switzerland,Germany,Austria.

How much Inside-it.ch can earn?

• Inside-it.ch should earn about $33.92/day from advertising revenue.

What is Inside-it.ch estimated value?

• Estimated value of Inside-it.ch is $30,078.33.

What IP addresses does Inside-it.ch resolve to?

• Inside-it.ch resolves to the IP addresses 188.114.97.3.

Where are Inside-it.ch servers located in?

• Inside-it.ch has servers located in Zürich, 25, United States.

inside-it.ch Profile

Title:Inside IT – Das Magazin für IT-Verantwortliche Description:Täglich kostenlose News, Trends, Nachrichten und Hintergründe aus der Schweizer und der internationalen Informatik. Für Anwenderunternehmen und Anbieter.
Tags:
news
informatik.
der
anbieter.
inside-it.ch:
ch
nachrichten
bund
edv
switzerland
kostenlose
facebook
schweizer
it news
anwenderunternehmen
hintergruende
und
ikt
für
dell
Category:Computers Electronics and Technology / Other Computers Electronics and Technology
About: inside-it.ch: IT, ICT, IKT, EDV, Informatik. Taeglich kostenlose News, Trends, Nachrichten und Hintergruende aus der Schweizer und der internationalen Informatik. Für Anwenderunternehmen und Anbieter. Edit Site Info

What technologies does inside-it.ch use?

These are the technologies used at inside-it.ch. inside-it.ch has a total of 11 technologies installed in 9 different categories.
CDN
CloudFlare CloudFlare
Cloudinary Cloudinary
Cookie compliance
Cookie Script Cookie Script
JavaScript Frameworks
Emotion Emotion
React React
Development
Emotion Emotion
Advertising
Google AdSense Google AdSense
Tag Managers
Google Tag Manager Google Tag Manager
Security
HSTS HSTS
Miscellaneous
HTTP/3 HTTP/3
Open Graph Open Graph
Web Servers
Vercel Vercel

inside-it.ch Traffic Analysis

Inside-it.ch is ranked #1,816,164 in the world. This website is viewed by an estimated 4.4K visitors daily, generating a total of 6.3K pageviews. This equates to about 132.1K monthly visitors. Inside-it.ch traffic has decreased by 39.47% compared to last month.
Daily Visitors4.4K
15.37%
Monthly Visits132.1K
39.47%
Pages per Visit1.45
11.3%
Visit duration00:29
75.49%
Bounce Rate50.02%
5.27%
Is this your site?Verify your site's metrics.
Daily Unique Visitors:
4,360
Monthly Visits:
132,108
Pages per Visit:
1.45
Daily Pageviews:
6,334
Avg. visit duration:
00:29
Bounce rate:
50.02%
Global Reach:
8.84E-5%
Monthly Visits (SEMrush):
65,833
Monthly Unique Visitors (SEMrush):
40,824
Monthly Visits (SimilarWeb):
132,123
HypeRank:
1,816,164
SEMrush Rank:
6,294,895
SimilarWeb Rank:
345,776
*All traffic values are estimates only.

Traffic sources

Direct:
55.19%
Referral:
7.75%
Search:
31.17%
Social:
5.89%
Paid:
0%

Desktop vs Mobile

Desktop:
63.09%
Mobile:
36.91%

Total Visits Last 3 Months

102.2K
JUL
218.3K
AUG
132.1K
SEP

Visitors by country

Country
Users%
 
Switzerland 94.41%
 
Germany 2.82%
 
Austria 1.29%
 
Italy 0.32%
 
United States 0.30%

Where do visitors go on inside-it.ch?

 
Reach%Pageviews%PerUser
inside-it.ch
100.00%100.00%1

Which sites are competitors to inside-it.ch?

Websites similar to inside-it.ch are sites similar on user interests and browsing behavior. Users can discover new websites that are similar to the ones they already enjoy or find useful.
Last update was 9 days ago
     
This can take up to 60 seconds. Please wait...

*HypeStat.com is not promoting or affiliated with inside-it.ch in any way. Only publicly available statistics data are displayed.

Search Engine Indexes ▼

Search engine indexes are huge databases or collections of net pages that search engines like google like google and yahoo use to retrieve applicable facts while customers carry out searches. These indexes are created through search engines like google and yahoo through crawling and indexing net pages from throughout the internet.
Google Index:
34,800
Bing Index:
2,240

  ▼

SEMrush is a complete on line advertising and marketing platform that gives a extensive variety of gear and functions to help companies and entrepreneurs in enhancing their on line visibility and optimizing their virtual advertising and marketing strategies.
SemRushSemRush
Domain:
  inside-it.ch
Rank:
(Rank based on keywords, cost and organic traffic)
  6,294,895
Organic Keywords:
(Number of keywords in top 20 Google SERP)
  315
Organic Traffic:
(Number of visitors coming from top 20 search results)
  23
Organic Cost:
((How much need to spend if get same number of visitors from Google Adwords)
  $3.00
Full SEMrush Report >>

Revenue report ▼

Google.com would generate approximately $33.9 per day if the source of income were advertisements, which equates to an estimated monthly revenue of $1K and annual gross revenue of approximately $12.4K. Based on these figures, the site's net worth is estimated at around $30.1K.

How much would inside-it.ch make?

Daily Revenue:
$33.92
Monthly Revenue:
$1,017.60
Yearly Revenue:
$12,380.80
*All earnings values are estimates only.

Daily earning by country

 
CountryPageviewsEarning
 
Switzerland 5,980$33.19
 
Germany 178$0.25
 
Austria 82$0.17
 
United States 19$0.09
 
Italy 20$0.00

Loss of money due to Adblock?

Daily Revenue Loss:
$6.11
Monthly Revenue Loss:
$183.21
Yearly Revenue Loss:
$2,229.05
Daily Pageviews Blocked:
1,156
Monthly Pageviews Blocked:
34,690
Yearly Pageviews Blocked:
422,066

Daily revenue loss by country

 
CountryBlockedLost Money
 
Switzerland 1,076$5.97
 
Germany 52$0.07
 
Austria 21$0.04
 
United States 3$0.02
 
Italy 3$0.00

How much is inside-it.ch worth?

Website Value:
$30.1K

Ad Experience Report ▼

Summary of the ad experience rating of a website for a specific platform.

Mobile summary

Root domain:
inside-it.ch
Ad filtering:
(Chrome is not filtering ads on your site.)
Off
Status:
(The status of the site that is reviewed for the Better Ads Standards.)
Not reviewed

Desktop summary

Root domain:
inside-it.ch
Ad filtering:
(Chrome is not filtering ads on your site.)
Off
Status:
(The status of the site that is reviewed for the Better Ads Standards.)
Not reviewed

Abusive Experience Report ▼

Summary of the abusive experience rating of a website.
Root domain:
inside-it.ch
Enforcement:
(Chrome is not preventing your site from opening new windows or tabs.)
Off
Status:
(The status of the site reviewed for the abusive experiences.)
Not reviewed

Where is inside-it.ch hosted? ▼

Inside-it.ch may be hosted in multiple data centers distributed in different locations around the world. This is probably just one of them.
Server IP:
188.114.97.3
ASN:
AS13335 
ISP:
Cloudflare Inc 
Server Location:
Zürich
25
United States, US
 

Other sites hosted on 188.114.97.3

How fast does inside-it.ch load? ▼

The average loading time of inside-it.ch is 127 ms. The Desktop speed index is 66 and mobile speed index is 50.
Average Load Time:
127 ms

Page Speed (Google PageSpeed Insights) - Desktop

66
0-49 50-89 90-100 i

Field Data

Over the last 30 days, the field data shows that this page has a AVERAGE speed compared to other pages in the Chrome User Experience Report.We are showing the 90th percentile of FCP and the 95th percentile of FID.

Cumulative Layout Shift (CLS)25ms 24% of loads for this page have a fast (<0.01s) Cumulative Layout Shift (CLS) 24% 47% of loads for this page have an average (0.01s ~ 0.025s) Cumulative Layout Shift (CLS) 47% 27% of loads for this page have a slow (>0.025s) Cumulative Layout Shift (CLS) 27%
Time To First Byte (TTFB)259ms 96% of loads for this page have a fast (<0.8s) Time To First Byte (TTFB) 96% 2% of loads for this page have an average (0.8s ~ 1.8s) Time To First Byte (TTFB) 2% 0% of loads for this page have a slow (>1.8s) Time To First Byte (TTFB) 0%
First Contentful Paint (FCP)502ms 97% of loads for this page have a fast (<1.8s) First Contentful Paint (FCP) 97% 1% of loads for this page have an average (1.8s ~ 3s) First Contentful Paint (FCP) 1% 1% of loads for this page have a slow (>3s) First Contentful Paint (FCP) 1%
First Input Delay (FID)0 0% of loads for this page have a fast (<0ms) First Input Delay (FID) 0% 0% of loads for this page have an average (0ms ~ 0ms) First Input Delay (FID) 0% 0% of loads for this page have a slow (>0ms) First Input Delay (FID) 0%
Interaction To Next Paint (INP)94ms 96% of loads for this page have a fast (<200ms) Interaction To Next Paint (INP) 96% 2% of loads for this page have an average (200ms ~ 500ms) Interaction To Next Paint (INP) 2% 0% of loads for this page have a slow (>500ms) Interaction To Next Paint (INP) 0%
Largest Contentful Paint (LCP)882ms 96% of loads for this page have a fast (<2500ms) Largest Contentful Paint (LCP) 96% 2% of loads for this page have an average (2500ms ~ 4000ms) Largest Contentful Paint (LCP) 2% 1% of loads for this page have a slow (>4000ms) Largest Contentful Paint (LCP) 1%

Origin Data

All pages served from this origin have an AVERAGE speed compared to other pages in the Chrome User Experience Report. over the last 30 days.To view suggestions tailored to each page, analyze individual page URLs.

Cumulative Layout Shift (CLS)13ms 63% of loads for this page have a fast (<0.01s) Cumulative Layout Shift (CLS) 63% 26% of loads for this page have an average (0.01s ~ 0.025s) Cumulative Layout Shift (CLS) 26% 10% of loads for this page have a slow (>0.025s) Cumulative Layout Shift (CLS) 10%
Time To First Byte (TTFB)469ms 91% of loads for this page have a fast (<0.8s) Time To First Byte (TTFB) 91% 6% of loads for this page have an average (0.8s ~ 1.8s) Time To First Byte (TTFB) 6% 1% of loads for this page have a slow (>1.8s) Time To First Byte (TTFB) 1%
First Contentful Paint (FCP)798ms 94% of loads for this page have a fast (<1.8s) First Contentful Paint (FCP) 94% 3% of loads for this page have an average (1.8s ~ 3s) First Contentful Paint (FCP) 3% 2% of loads for this page have a slow (>3s) First Contentful Paint (FCP) 2%
First Input Delay (FID)0 0% of loads for this page have a fast (<0ms) First Input Delay (FID) 0% 0% of loads for this page have an average 0ms ~ 0ms) First Input Delay (FID) 0% 0% of loads for this page have a slow (>0ms) First Input Delay (FID) 0%
Interaction To Next Paint (INP)64ms 97% of loads for this page have a fast (<200ms) Interaction To Next Paint (INP) 97% 1% of loads for this page have an average (200ms ~ 500ms) Interaction To Next Paint (INP) 1% 0% of loads for this page have a slow (>500ms) Interaction To Next Paint (INP) 0%
Largest Contentful Paint (LCP)1.2s 94% of loads for this page have a fast (<2500ms) Largest Contentful Paint (LCP) 94% 3% of loads for this page have an average (2500ms ~ 4000ms) Largest Contentful Paint (LCP) 3% 1% of loads for this page have a slow (>4000ms) Largest Contentful Paint (LCP) 1%

Lab Data

Time to Interactive 2.3 s
Time to Interactive is the amount of time it takes for the page to become fully interactive. Learn more about the Time to Interactive metric
Max Potential First Input Delay 340 ms
The maximum potential First Input Delay that your users could experience is the duration of the longest task. Learn more about the Maximum Potential First Input Delay metric
Lazy load third-party resources with facades  
Some third-party embeds can be lazy loaded. Consider replacing them with a facade until they are required. Learn how to defer third-parties with a facade
First Contentful Paint 1.0 s
First Contentful Paint marks the time at which the first text or image is painted. Learn more about the First Contentful Paint metric
Total Blocking Time 250 ms
Sum of all time periods between FCP and Time to Interactive, when task length exceeded 50ms, expressed in milliseconds. Learn more about the Total Blocking Time metric
Largest Contentful Paint 2.2 s
Largest Contentful Paint marks the time at which the largest text or image is painted. Learn more about the Largest Contentful Paint metric
First Meaningful Paint  
First Meaningful Paint measures when the primary content of a page is visible. Learn more about the First Meaningful Paint metric
Speed Index 3.1 s
Speed Index shows how quickly the contents of a page are visibly populated. Learn more about the Speed Index metric
Preconnect to required origins  
Consider adding `preconnect` or `dns-prefetch` resource hints to establish early connections to important third-party origins. Learn how to preconnect to required origins

Page Speed (Google PageSpeed Insights) - Mobile

50
0-49 50-89 90-100 i

Field Data

Over the last 30 days, the field data shows that this page has a FAST speed compared to other pages in the Chrome User Experience Report.We are showing the 90th percentile of FCP and the 95th percentile of FID.

Cumulative Layout Shift (CLS)0ms 24% of loads for this page have a fast (<0.01s) Cumulative Layout Shift (CLS) 98% 0% of loads for this page have an average (0.01s ~ 0.025s) Cumulative Layout Shift (CLS) 0% 1% of loads for this page have a slow (>0.025s) Cumulative Layout Shift (CLS) 1%
Time To First Byte (TTFB)230ms 96% of loads for this page have a fast (<800s) Time To First Byte (TTFB) 96% 2% of loads for this page have an average (800s ~ 1800s) Time To First Byte (TTFB) 2% 1% of loads for this page have a slow (>1800s) Time To First Byte (TTFB) 1%
First Contentful Paint (FCP)566ms 97% of loads for this page have a fast (<1.8s) First Contentful Paint (FCP) 95% 1% of loads for this page have an average (1.8s ~ 3s) First Contentful Paint (FCP) 1% 2% of loads for this page have a slow (>3s) First Contentful Paint (FCP) 2%
First Input Delay (FID)0 0% of loads for this page have a fast (<0ms) First Input Delay (FID) 0% 0% of loads for this page have an average (0ms ~ 0ms) First Input Delay (FID) 0% 0% of loads for this page have a slow (>0ms) First Input Delay (FID) 0%
Interactive To Next Paint (INP)194ms 96% of loads for this page have a fast (<200s) Interactive To Next Paint (INP) 77% 21% of loads for this page have an average (200s ~ 500s) Interactive To Next Paint (INP) 21% 0% of loads for this page have a slow (>500s) Interactive To Next Paint (INP) 0%
Largest Contentful Paint (LCP)891ms 96% of loads for this page have a fast (<2500s) Largest Contentful Paint (LCP) 96% 2% of loads for this page have an average (2500s ~ 4000s) Largest Contentful Paint (LCP) 2% 1% of loads for this page have a slow (>4000s) Largest Contentful Paint (LCP) 1%

Origin Data

All pages served from this origin have an FAST speed compared to other pages in the Chrome User Experience Report. over the last 30 days.To view suggestions tailored to each page, analyze individual page URLs.

Cumulative Layout Shift (CLS)0ms 98% of loads for this page have a fast (<0.01s) Cumulative Layout Shift (CLS) 98% 1% of loads for this page have an average (0.01s ~ 0.025s) Cumulative Layout Shift (CLS) 1% 0% of loads for this page have a slow (>0.025s) Cumulative Layout Shift (CLS) 0%
Time To First Byte (TTFB)311ms 93% of loads for this page have a fast (<0.8s) Time To First Byte (TTFB) 93% 4% of loads for this page have an average (0.8s ~ 1.8s) Time To First Byte (TTFB) 4% 2% of loads for this page have a slow (>1.8s) Time To First Byte (TTFB) 2%
First Contentful Paint (FCP)821ms 93% of loads for this page have a fast (<1.8s) First Contentful Paint (FCP) 93% 3% of loads for this page have an average (1.8s ~ 3s) First Contentful Paint (FCP) 3% 2% of loads for this page have a slow (>3s) First Contentful Paint (FCP) 2%
First Input Delay (FID)0 0% of loads for this page have a fast (<0ms) First Input Delay (FID) 0% 0% of loads for this page have an average 0ms ~ 0ms) First Input Delay (FID) 0% 0% of loads for this page have a slow (>0ms) First Input Delay (FID) 0%
Interactive To Next Paint (INP)108ms 94% of loads for this page have a fast (<0.2s) Interactive To Next Paint (INP) 94% 4% of loads for this page have an average (0.2s ~ 0.5s) Interactive To Next Paint (INP) 4% 0% of loads for this page have a slow (>0.5s) Interactive To Next Paint (INP) 0%
Largest Contentful Paint (LCP)1.2s 94% of loads for this page have a fast (<2.5s)Largest Contentful Paint (LCP) 94% 3% of loads for this page have an average (2.5s ~ 4s)Largest Contentful Paint (LCP) 3% 2% of loads for this page have a slow (>4s)Largest Contentful Paint (LCP) 2%

Lab Data

Speed Index 8.2 s
Speed Index shows how quickly the contents of a page are visibly populated. Learn more about the Speed Index metric
Largest Contentful Paint 12.8 s
Largest Contentful Paint marks the time at which the largest text or image is painted. Learn more about the Largest Contentful Paint metric
INP breakdown  
Start investigating with the longest subpart. To reduce processing duration, , often JS. Delays can be minimized optimize the main-thread costs
Total Blocking Time 350 ms
Sum of all time periods between FCP and Time to Interactive, when task length exceeded 50ms, expressed in milliseconds. Learn more about the Total Blocking Time metric
First Contentful Paint 5.5 s
First Contentful Paint marks the time at which the first text or image is painted. Learn more about the First Contentful Paint metric
Preconnect to required origins  
Consider adding `preconnect` or `dns-prefetch` resource hints to establish early connections to important third-party origins. Learn how to preconnect to required origins
First Meaningful Paint  
First Meaningful Paint measures when the primary content of a page is visible. Learn more about the First Meaningful Paint metric
Max Potential First Input Delay 200 ms
The maximum potential First Input Delay that your users could experience is the duration of the longest task. Learn more about the Maximum Potential First Input Delay metric
Time to Interactive 13.1 s
Time to Interactive is the amount of time it takes for the page to become fully interactive. Learn more about the Time to Interactive metric
Lazy load third-party resources with facades  
Some third-party embeds can be lazy loaded. Consider replacing them with a facade until they are required. Learn how to defer third-parties with a facade

Does inside-it.ch use compression? ▼

Website compression is the process of reducing the size of website files, such as HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and image files, to improve website performance and load times. Compressing website files can significantly reduce the amount of data that needs to be transferred from the server to the user's browser, resulting in faster page load times and improved user experience. Files on inside-it.ch are reduced by 86%.
inside-it.ch use br compression.
Original size: 249.45 KB
Compressed size: 33.57 KB
File reduced by: 215.88 KB (86%)

Google Safe Browsing ▼

Google Safe Browsing is a service provided by Google that helps protect users from visiting websites that may contain malicious or harmful content, such as malware, phishing attempts, or deceptive software.
This site is not currently listed as suspicious

MyWot.com Reputation Ratings

MyWOT (short for "My Web of Trust") is a web-based reputation and rating service that provides users with information about the trustworthiness and safety of websites. inside-it.ch has 79 Safety Reputations.
Status:
  SAFE
Safety Reputations:
  79
Safety Confidence:
  9

SSL Checker - SSL Certificate Verify ▼

An SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) certificate is a digital certificate that establishes a secure encrypted connection between a web server and a user's web browser. It provides authentication and encryption, ensuring that data transmitted between the server and the browser remains private and protected. inside-it.ch supports HTTPS.
 inside-it.ch supports HTTPS
     
Verifying SSL Support. Please wait...
Common Name: inside-it.ch
Organization:
Location:
Issuer: WE1
Valid from: Sep 17 13:50:28 2025 GMT
Valid until: Dec 16 14:48:09 2025 GMT
Authority: CA:FALSE
Keysize:
Common Name: WE1
Organization: Google Trust Services
Location: US
Issuer: GTS Root R4
Valid from: Dec 13 09:00:00 2023 GMT
Valid until: Feb 20 14:00:00 2029 GMT
Authority: CA:TRUE
Keysize:
Common Name: GTS Root R4
Organization: Google Trust Services LLC
Location: US
Issuer: GlobalSign Root CA
Valid from: Nov 15 03:43:21 2023 GMT
Valid until: Jan 28 00:00:42 2028 GMT
Authority: CA:TRUE
Keysize:

Verify HTTP/2 Support ▼

HTTP/2 (Hypertext Transfer Protocol version 2) is a major revision of the HTTP protocol, which is the foundation of data communication on the World Wide Web. It was developed as an improvement over the previous HTTP/1.1 version to enhance web performance and efficiency.
 inside-it.ch supports HTTP/2
     
Verifying HTTP/2.0 Support. Please wait...

Site Categories ▼

Website categories are used to classify websites based on their content or purpose. These categories provide a way to organize and filter websites, allowing users to find relevant information or ensure compliance with specific regulations or policies.
Zeitschriften und Online-Magazine/Informationstechnik

Http Header ▼

HTTP headers are extra portions of records despatched among a consumer (which include an internet browser) and a server at some stage in an HTTP request or response. They offer instructions, metadata, or manipulate parameters for the conversation among the consumer and server. 
date: Thu, 16 Oct 2025 09:12:14 GMT
content-type: text/plain
location: https://www.inside-it.ch/
cache-control: public, max-age=0, must-revalidate
server: cloudflare
strict-transport-security: max-age=63072000
x-vercel-id: fra1::kpgq8-1760605934595-e2e95a81292d
cf-cache-status: DYNAMIC
nel: {"report_to":"cf-nel","success_fraction":0.0,"max_age":604800}
report-to: {"group":"cf-nel","max_age":604800,"endpoints":[{"url":"https://a.nel.cloudflare.com/report/v4?s=YrS4sa5a%2FhIVHHrFse8%2Fk2GUpMeNUhrulVNomqCUO0DMew2FZ496BGQgH9RNhd3YhLG4B6JhQCUw8QOqCnIGdcaLwvX6ThmbfxxDA0EMLMCnBMUb6BwlDA%3D%3D"}]}
cf-ray: 98f66ef31e18590f-FRA
alt-svc: h3=":443"; ma=86400

HTTP/2 200 
date: Thu, 16 Oct 2025 09:12:14 GMT
content-type: text/html; charset=utf-8
age: 848
cache-control: public, max-age=0, must-revalidate
report-to: {"group":"cf-nel","max_age":604800,"endpoints":[{"url":"https://a.nel.cloudflare.com/report/v4?s=SWHR0nbAhI57zYCFxgOCFs2w6Lo0YNHu6qxFoCWGQ4fpsZqpLx%2BKax4xcN5CqFPmBw%2BqopbZ0iYBY5KCIdVKHWVwdeb2elLuXqOmnCUes%2Bul5fjsgGD4Yicntp4%3D"}]}
nel: {"report_to":"cf-nel","success_fraction":0.0,"max_age":604800}
server: cloudflare
strict-transport-security: max-age=63072000
x-frame-options: SAMEORIGIN
x-matched-path: /de
x-vercel-cache: HIT
x-vercel-id: fra1::dub1::47dzt-1760605934638-f719f5e957fb
cf-cache-status: DYNAMIC
vary: accept-encoding
content-encoding: br
cf-ray: 98f66ef36fd2dbe4-FRA
alt-svc: h3=":443"; ma=86400

DNS Lookup ▼

DNS entries (Domain Name System) are a critical component of the Internet infrastructure. They act as directories that translate human-readable domain names (such as example.com) to machine-readable IP addresses. DNS records are stored on DNS servers and help forward internet traffic efficiently.
Type Ip Target/Txt TTL
HINFO 3600

Whois Lookup ▼

Domain WHOIS is a public database that provides information about domain names, including registered owners, contact information, domain registrars, registration and expiration dates, name servers, and other relevant information.
WhoIs:
 

Requests of this client are not permitted. Please use https://www.nic.ch/whois/ for queries.